Effect of cholinesterase inhibitor galanthamine on circulating tumor necrosis factor alpha in rats with lipopolysaccharide-induced peritonitis / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>The nervous system, through the vagus nerve and its neurotransmitter acetylcholine, can down-regulate the systemic inflammation in vivo, and recently, a role of brain cholinergic mechanisms in activating this cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway has been indicated. Galanthamine is a cholinesterase inhibitor and one of the centrally acting cholinergic agents available in clinic. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of galanthamine on circulating tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in rats with lipopolysaccharide-induced peritonitis and the possible role of the vagus nerve in the action of galanthamine.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Rat models of lipopolysaccharide-induced peritonitis and bilateral cervical vagotomy were produced. In the experiment 1, the rats were randomly divided into control group, peritonitis group, and peritonitis groups treated with three dosages of galanthamine. In the experiment 2, the rats were randomly divided into sham group, sham plus peritonitis group, sham plus peritonitis group treated with galanthamine, vagotomy plus peritonitis group, and vagotomy plus peritonitis group treated with galanthamine. The levels of plasma TNF-alpha were determined in every group.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The level of circulating TNF-alpha was significantly increased in rats after intraperitoneal injection of endotoxin. Galanthamine treatment decreased the level of circulating TNF-alpha in rats with lipopolysaccharide-induced peritonitis, and there was significant difference compared with rats with lipopolysaccharide-induced peritonitis without treatment. The 3 mg/kg dosage of galanthamine had the most significant inhibition on circulating TNF-alpha level at all the three tested doses. Galanthamine obviously decreased the TNF-alpha level in rats with lipopolysaccharide-induced peritonitis with sham operation, but could not decrease the TNF-alpha level in rats with lipopolysaccharide-induced peritonitis with vagotomy.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Cholinesterase inhibitor galanthamine has an inhibitory effect on TNF-alpha release in rats with lipopolysaccharide-induced peritonitis, and the vagus nerve plays a role in the process of the action of galanthamine.</p>

Analysis of clinical risk factors associated with mortality of severely injured multiple trauma patients with acute lung injury / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>It is important to study the factors affecting the clinical mortality of the severe multiple trauma population. The present study was aimed to identify the potential risk factors that could affect mortality rate of acute lung injury (ALI) in severely injured multiple trauma population and to investigate the effects of certain risk factors on the prognosis of different patient subpopulations.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>This is a follow-up study treating trauma as a single cause for emergency department (ED) and emergency intensive care unit (EICU) admissions. Patients identified with severe multiple trauma with early onset of ALI were enrolled from five trauma centers. Nineteen potential risk factors affecting the prognosis of ALI were examined by univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analyses to identify the ones that affected the mortality of these severe multiple trauma patients.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There were 687 multiple trauma patients with post-traumatic ALI admitted to ED and EICU during the study period. The six risk factors that affected the mortality with unadjusted odd ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were Acute Physiology Score and Chronic Health Evaluation Score (APACHE) II score, Injury Severity Score (ISS), duration of trauma, age, aspiration of gastric contents, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Specific risk factors also affected different patient subpopulations at different degrees (surviving beyond 24 hours, 72 hours, 28 days and with multiple blood transfusions and higher injury scores).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Factors of APACHE II score, ISS and aspiration of gastric contents that could predict the mortality of ALI may exist in the early stage of trauma. Duration of trauma and DIC that greatly affected and predicted the short- and long-term development and mortality of ALI deserve special attention. Elderly patients (aged beyond 65 years) were the independent risk factor for the secondary sepsis and deterioration of pulmonary function. Patients with these risk factors need aggressive supportive care as early as possible in order to prevent further aggravation.</p>

Comparison of the new injury severity score and the injury severity score in multiple trauma patients / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To assess whether these characteristics of less misclassification and greater area under receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve of the new injury severity score (NISS) are better than the injury severity score (ISS) as applying it to our multiple trauma patients registered into the emergency intensive care unit (EICU).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>This was a retrospective review of registry data from 2 286 multiple trauma patients consecutively registered into the EICU from January 1,1997 to December 31, 2006 in the Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University in China. Comparisons between ISS and NISS were made using misclassification rates, ROC curve analysis, and the H-L statistics by univariate and multivariate logistic progression model.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among the 2 286 patients, 176 (7.7%) were excluded because of deaths on arrival or patients less than 16 years of age. The study population therefore comprised 2 110 patients. Mean EICU length of stay (LOS) was 7.8 days ?2.4 days. Compared with the blunt injury group, the penetrating injury group had a higher percentage of male, lower mean EICU LOS and age. The most frequently injured body regions were extremities and head/neck, followed by thorax, face and abdomen in the blunt injury group; whereas, thorax and abdomen were more frequently seen in the penetrating injury group. The minimum misclassification rate for NISS was slightly less than ISS in all groups (4.01% versus 4.49%). However, NISS had more tendency to misclassify in the penetrating injury group. This, we noted, was attributed mainly to a higher false-positive rate (21.04% versus 15.55% for ISS, t equal to 3.310, P less than 0.001), resulting in an overall misclassification rate of 23.57% for NISS versus 18.79% for ISS (t equal to 3.290, P less than 0.001). In the whole sample, NISS presented equivalent discrimination (area under ROC curve: NISS equal to 0.938 versus ISS equal to 0.943). The H-L statistics showed poorer calibration (48.64 versus 32.11, t equal to 3.305, P less than 0.001) in the penetrating injury group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>NISS should not replace ISS because they share similar accuracy and calibration in predicting multiple blunt trauma patients. NISS may be more sensitive but less specific than ISS in predicting mortality in certain penetrating injury patients.</p>

Risk factors of mortality in road traffic injury patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Among the deaths due to trauma, about one half of the patients suffer from road traffic injury (RTI). Most of RTI patients complicate acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and severe multiple injuries. ARDS is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in trauma patients. Although many injuries and conditions are believed to be associated with ARDS independent risk factors in trauma patients, their relative importance in development of the syndrome are undefined. We hypothesize that not all of the traditional risk factors impacting mortality are independently associated with patients strictly identified by traffic injury. This study aimed to sieve distinctive risk factors in our RTI population, meanwhile, we also hypothesize that there may exist significantly different risk factors in these patients.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>This was a retrospective cohort study regarding RTI as a single cause for emergency intensive care unit (EICU) admission. Patients identified as severe RTI with post-traumatic ARDS were enrolled in a prospectively maintained database between May 2002 and April 2007 and observed. Twenty-three items of potential risk impacting mortality were calculated by univariate and multivariate Logistic analyses in order to find distinctive items in these severe RTI patients.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There were 247 RTI patients with post-traumatic ARDS admitted to EICU during the study period. The unadjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of mortality were associated with six risk factors out of 23: APACHE II score, duration of trauma factor, pulmonary contusion, aspiration of gastric contents, sepsis and duration of mechanical ventilation. The adjusted ORs with 95% CI were denoted with respect to surviving beyond 96 hours EICU admission (APACHE II score, duration of trauma factor, aspiration of gastric contents), APACHE II score beyond 20 EICU admission (duration of trauma factor, sepsis, duration of mechanical ventilation) and mechanical ventilation beyond 7 days EICU admission (duration of trauma factor and sepsis).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>We have retrospectively demonstrated an adverse effect of six different risk factors out of 23 items in mortality of post-traumatic ARDS within severe RTI patients and, moreover, gained distinct outcomes in stratified patients under real emergency trauma circumstance. An impact of APACHE II score and pulmonary contusion contributing to prediction of mortality may exist in prophase after traffic injury. Sepsis is still a vital risk factor referring to systemic inflammatory response syndrome, infection, and secondary multiple organs dysfunction. Eliminating trauma factors as early as possible becomes the critical therapeutic measure. Aspiration of gastric contents could lead to incremental mortality due to severe ventilation associated pneumonia. Long-standing mechanical ventilation should be constrained on account of severe refractory complications.</p>

Research progress in mechanism of traumatic brain injury affecting speed of fracture healing / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

In patients who have sustained traumatic brain injury with associated extremity fracture, there is often a clinical perception that the rate of new bone formation around the fracture site increases.(1) An overgrowth of callus is observed and ectopic ossification even occurs in the muscle,(2) but the mechanism remains unclear. Whether this rapidly-formed new bone is fracture callus or a variant of heterotopic ossification, a common complication of traumatic brain injury, is the subject of some debates.(3) It is generally believed that the process of fracture healing is a recapitulation of normal embryonic osteogenesis,(4) i.e. ,a series of changes in the intracellular and extracellular matrix, which start from the injury of cells, blood vessels and bone matrix to a complete reconstruction of the bone.(5) It is a complex process influenced by multi-level and multi-route regulations of the general and local environments in the body, and many growth factors participate in this process, which is the base of bone healing;(6) whatever methods are used to promote bone healing, they are based on accelerating the changes of growth factors.(7) So it is worth making a thorough study on the mechanism, by which traumatic brain injury influences the expression levels of growth factors and consequently affects the speed of bone healing.

A study on the mechanism of traumatic brain injury affecting the speed of bone fracture healing / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective To evaluate the possible mechanism of traumatic brain injury (TB1) affecting the speed of bone fracture healing.Method TBI combined with unilateral tibial fracture (group A) was used to build multiple injury model and simple unilateral tibial fracture (group B),and the FOS,JUN,bFGF,and VEGF protein expression in different time points between the two groups were compared,and roentgenogram was used for the evaluation of bone healing.Results The expression of FOS,JUN,bFGF,and VEGF protein of the cerebral tissue was low in the normal rats,but was slightly enhanced in group B.There was consistence of development for FOS and JUN expression in the brain tissue in group A,reaching peak at post-TBI 3 hours,and then reducing to control level after 12 hours.The bFGF and VEGF reached peak at post-TBI 12 hours and 24 hours and reduced to control level after 72 hours,respectively.In group A and group B,an increase in the FOS,JUN protein expression around the fracture site was observed at 3 hours after injury,which reached the peak at 6 hours,and reduced to the control level after 24 hours;the comparison between group A,group B and the control group at 3 hours,6 hours and 12 hours had significant difference (P

The protective effect of aminophylline on myocardium during cardiopulmonary bypass / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective To evaluate the protective effect of aminophylline on myocardium in the patients undergoing prothetic valve replacement operation of heart.Mothods Thirty patients undergoing prothetic valve replacement operation of heart were randomized to be treated either with aminophylline(n=15)or without aminophylline treatment(n=15). Aminophylline(5mg/kg)was injected intravenously at 15 minutes after induction of anesthesia.Cardiac troponin I(cTnI), cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP),myeloperoxidase(MPO),ratio of aortic blood neutrophil count to coronary vein sinus blood neutrophil count,hemodynamics,time of aortic cress-clamping and other clinical data were recorded during the operation.Results There were no differences between the two groups in the major perioperative variables.Plasm cTnI concentration in both groups increased after off-clamping than that before CPB,however,it was lower in aminophylline group than that in control group.Concentration of cAMP in both groups after off-clamping was lower than that before CPB, however cAMP concentration in aminophylline group after off-clamping was higher than that in control group.Myocardial MPO activity and neutrophil count ratio after aortic off-clamping in aminophylline group was significantly lower than that in control group.Conclusion These results suggest that aminophylline is helpful to unprotection of myocardial and decreases the sequestration of neutrophil in myocardium.The mechanism of the protection may be related to the cAMP increased in myocardium.

Development of the trauma emergency care system based on the three links theory / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

The three links theory applied in trauma emergency care system refers to an integrated system with the three important components of trauma emergency care system, viz. prehospital trauma services, hospital trauma services and critical care services. The development of the trauma emergency care system should be guided by the three links theory so as to set up a practical and highly efficient system: a prompt operating and monitoring transportation system, a smooth and real-time information system, a rational and sustainable system of regulations and contingency plans, and a system for cultivating all-round trauma physicians.

Basic fibroblast growth factor alleviates brain injury following global ischemia reperfusion in rabbits / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

The aim of this study was to explore the protective effect of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on brain injury following global ischemia reperfusion and its mechanisms. Brain injury following global ischemia was induced by four vessels occlusion and systemic hypotension. Twenty-four rabbits were randomized into three groups: group A, only dissection of vessels; group B, intravenous infusion of normal saline after reperfusion for 6 h; group C, 30 microg/kg bFGF injected intravenously at the onset of reperfusion, then infused with 10 microg/(kg.h) for 6 h. Serum neuron specific enolase (NSE), S-100B, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-8 (IL-8) were measured before ischemia, 30 min after ischemia, 0.5, 1, 3, 6 h after reperfusion. Brain water content was determined and cerebral histopathological damages were compared. NSE and S-100B were increased 1 h after reperfusion and reached their peaks 6 h after reperfusion, but were much higher in group B than those in group C 3, 6 h after reperfusion. In groups B and C, TNF-alpha was increased after ischemia and IL-1 and IL-8 were increased significantly 0.5 h after reperfusion, then reached their peaks 6 h, 3 h, 6 h after reperfusion respectively. TNF-alpha and IL-8 at the time points of 1 h and 3 h and IL-1 at 3 h and 6 h in group C were correspondingly lower than those in group B. These indices in group A were nearly unchanged. There were less severe cerebral histopathological damages in group C compared with group B, but no difference in brain water content. It could be concluded that bFGF alleviates brain injury following global ischemia and reperfusion by down-regulating expression of inflammatory factors and inhibiting their activities.

Epidemiological characteristics of expressway traffic trauma in 2040 cases / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the epidemiologic characteristics of expressway traffic trauma in 2040 cases in Zhejiang Province.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The data of 2040 cases of expressway traffic trauma taken from Zhejiang Provincial Expressway Traffic Bureau were analyzed with computer techniques.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 2040 persons were injured in 7963 expressway traffic accidents in Zhejiang Province from January 1999 to December 2001. Among them, 435 persons died (mortality, 21.3%) and 1 605 were injured. The economic losses were over 170 million yuan RMB. The accidents caused by human factors accounted for 84.9% (vehicle drivers accounting for 79.2%), which mainly included improper measures (20.4%), steering failure (17.7%), insufficient longitudinal space (15.9%), over-speed drive (12.5%), fatigue drive (6.4%), loading violation (5.9%) and careless drive (6.3%). Mechanical troubles and other factors took up 15.1%. There existed obvious uneven distribution among various regions. Jiaxing and Shaoxing were the sections with high incidence of accidents. The accidents mostly happened at 12:00-18:00, but the causing-dead ones most concentrated at 0:00-6:00. The main victims were young and middle-aged people (accounting for 72.3%), but accident-stricken children and elderly persons (over 70 years old) took up higher mortalities (30.2% and 40.7%, respectively).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The number of expressway traffic accidents and the economic losses are increasing year by year, with obvious uneven distribution at different places, different time and under different weather conditions. To reduce the accident frequency, it is important to strengthen the enforcement of traffic regulation, to balance the system of "person-vehicle-road", and to improve the safety consciousness of people.</p>

Dynamically monitoring tissue factor and tissue factor pathway inhibitor following secondary brain injury / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the altering rule of coagulation function at molecular level in patients with secondary brain injury (SBI).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Tissue factor (TF) and tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) were studied in 32 patients 1, 2, 3 and 7 days after craniocerebral injury. Repeated cranial CT scans and platelet counts were made simultaneously. Same measurements were done in 30 normal adults except CT scan.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>No obvious difference was found in age, sex and platelet count between the injured and the normal groups. TFPI/TF decreased markedly in the first week after injury in patients with SBI, but only decreased on the 7th day in the patients without obvious SBI. For the patients who developed delayed intracranial hematoma (DIH) or hematoma enlargement, TF rose only 1 and 2 days after injury, but TFPI had a tendency to rise again after a fall on the 3rd day. For those patients who developed no DIH, TF rose all the time within the 1st week.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Decrease of TFPI/TF for a long time, especially within 3 days after injury, may be one of the most important reasons for SBI. High expression of TF for a relative short time and increase of TFPI after a fall within 3 days may be one of the important reasons for DIH or hematoma enlargement.</p>